《德鲁克日志》第六篇：联邦联邦制原则

2017.11.20 

文｜彼得德鲁克

提示：彼得德鲁克提出的组织原则“联邦制”来自与通用汽车。当年的通用汽车总裁斯隆，采用“联邦制”成功地整合了由不同小公司组成的通用汽车，使之在短短的十年内取代福特汽车而成为美国最大的汽车制造商。在这篇文章中，彼得德鲁克指出了采取“联邦制”必要性和方法。

联邦制原则

The Federal Principle

联邦制原则将最高管理层从运营中解脱出来，从而能够自由投身到恰当的功能中。

Federalism relieves top management from operating duties and set it free to devote itself to its proper functions.

企业需要的是一种原则，能赋予总部和各部门真正的管理功能和权力。这一原则就是联邦制原则，在这一原则将企业看成是由自主的部门的组合。

What the enterprise needs is a principle that gives both center and the parts genuine managerial functions and powers. This principle is federalism in which the whole of the enterprise is conceived as madeup of autonomous units.

联邦制企业及其各部门处在同一个经济体之中。相同的经济因素决定的企业整体和各个单位部门的未来；相同的基本决策必须适合所有部门；也需要相种和类型的管理者。

The federal enterprise and all its units are in the same business. The same economic factors determine the future of the whole aswell as all units; the same basic decisions have to be made for all of them;the same kind and the type of executive is needed.

因此，（企业）整体需要有一个统一的管理层负责其基本功能：决定企业的业务是什么，人力资源的组织、选拔、培训以及对未来领导者的考核。

Hence the whole requires a unified management in charge of the basic functions: the decision what business the enterprise is in,the organization of the human resources, and the selection, training and testing of future leaders.

同时，每一个部门又是一个独立的经营体。它为自己独特的市场生产商品。在企业整体决策所规定的范围内，每个单位必须要享有广泛的自主权。每一个部门必须要有自己的管理层。区域的管理层主要是运营；它关注的当下以及不久的将来，而非基本政策。但是，在有限的范围内，它也必须履行真正的最高管理功能。

At the same time, each unit is a business by itself.It produces its own products for a distinct market. Each unit must therefore have wide autonomy within limits set by the general decisions of the managementof the whole. Each unit has to have its own management. The local management will be primarily an operating management; it will be concerned mainly with the present and the immediate future rather than with the basic policy. But withina limited scope it will have also to discharge real top management functions.

行动指南：

最大程度的使用联邦制原则。

Action Point: make maximum use of the federalprinciple.