《德鲁克日志》第七篇：联邦分权制的优势

2017.11.21

文｜彼得德鲁克

提示：个体是否可以活到百岁，取决于他身体是否健康；企业是否可以成为百年老店，取决于组织是否健康。检验一家企业是否健康，除了财务指标之外，还要看它是否有计划的培养接班人。毕竟企业的寿命会超过个体服务一家企业的时间年限。

培养接班人的难点之一是培养决策能力。联邦分权制的优势之一，就是为培养有独立决策能力的管理者提供了有效的机制保障。

联邦分权制的优势

Federal decentralization strengths

联邦分权制的最大优势就是，在所有已知的组织原则中，它能够在最早的时间培养和检验高层管理者的能力。

The greatest strength of the federal principle is that it alone of all known principles of organization preparers and tests people for top management responsibility at an early stage.

联邦分权制的公司是由很多自主运营的分公司组成。每家分公司都为自己的绩效、结果以及对整个公司的贡献负责。每家分公司都有各自的管理层，实际上是在运营一家“独立的公司”。

In “federal decentralization” a company is organized into a number of autonomous businesses. Each unit has responsibility for its own performance, its own results, and its own contribution to the total company. Each unit has its own management which, in effect, runs its own “autonomous business”.

在联邦分权制的组织结构中，每一位经理人都与绩效和成果近距离接触，因而能够密切关注它们。因此，联邦分权制的组织原则能使我们将规模庞大、结构复杂的公司，划分为若干个规模较小、界定明确的单位，经理人就可以知道他们在做什么，可以将精力放在整体绩效上，而不是成为工作、努力和技能的奴隶。

In the federally organized the structure, each manager is close enough to business performance and business results to focus on them.

The federal principle therefore enables us to divide large and complex organizations into a number of businesses that are small and simple enough that managers know what they are doing and can direct themselves toward the performance of the whole instead of becoming prisoners of their own work, effort, and skill.

因为目标导向管理和自我控制变得卓有成效，员工人数或单位数目，不再受到“控制幅度”的限制；它只受更宽泛的“管理责任幅度”的限制。联邦分权制的最大优点在于经理人的发展方面。仅此一项优点，就足以使它成为优先采纳的组织原则。

Because Management By Objective and the self-control become effective，the number of people or units under one manager is no longer limited by the span of control；it is limited only by the much wider span of managerial responsibility. The greatest strength of federal principle is, however, with respect to manager development. This by itself makes the principle to be used in preferences to any other.

行动指南：

通过联邦分权制给每个人最大的责任。成为一家培养多数人的组织。

Action points: give people maximum responsibility by organizing according to the federal principle. Become an organization that develops numerous people。