《德鲁克日志》第八篇：联邦分权制的要求

2017.11.22

文｜彼得德鲁克

提示：虽然这几天的日志内容都在讨论“联邦分权制”，但总体感觉内容比较松散，因为日志不可以是长篇大论。如果想全面了解“联邦分权制”的利弊，建议大家仔细阅读《管理：使命、任务、实务》的第四十六章“以成果为中心的组织设计”。诚如彼得德鲁克先生指出的：“分权制”的叫法，目前已经极为流行，很难改掉。但是，它却是一种易于使人误解的叫法。

启发：联邦分权制不是要减弱最高管理层的责任，而是让他们从日常运营中脱身，从而有时间和精力承担更大、更重要的责任，思考更重要的问题，如企业战略、事业理论、技术研发等。

联邦分权制的要求

Federal Decentralization: Requirements

作为最基本的要求，部门必须为公司贡献利润，但并非仅仅为公司贡献利润。

As a minimum the unit must contribute a profit to thecompany rather than merely contribute to the profit of the company.

联邦分权制有非常严格的要求。联邦分权制只适合那些可以分割成几个真正业务模块的公司。这是它最基本的界限。作为最基本的条件，部门必须为公司贡献利润。它必须是根据市场客观判断的真正利润。

Federal decentralization has stringent requirements.Federal decentralization is applicable only where a company can truly beorganized into a number of genuine businesses. This is its basic limitation. Asa minimum that unit must contribute a profit to the company. And it must be agenuine profit determined by the objective of judgment of the market place.

联邦分权制只有在高层管理者清晰定义和明确自己的工作之后才有效。联邦分权制，如果应用得当，可以让高层管理者更有效地工作，因为他们不需要担心运营，而是聚焦在方向、目标以及与未来相关的重要决策。

Federal decentralization will work only if thetop-management job is clearly defined and the thought through. Federalization（原文如此） if properly applied, makes top management capable ofdoing its own job precisely because it does not have to worry about operations,but can concentrate on direction, strategy, objectives and the key decisionsfor the future.

联邦制原则对运营部门和自主业务提出了更高的要求。他们享有最大的自主权；这也要求他们承担最大的责任。联邦分权制需要中央控制和共同的衡量标准。联邦分权制要求自主经营的部门经理和最高管理层知道：期望什么，“绩效”的意义是什么，以及哪些发展重要。

The federal principle demands great responsibility from theoperating units, the autonomous businesses. They are given the maximum ofautonomy; and that this requires that they assumed the maximum ofresponsibility. Federal decentralization requires centralize controls and acommon measurements. Both the managers of the autonomous businesses and a topmanagement must know what is expected of each business, what is meant by“performance” and what developments are important.

要能够给他人自主权，对他必须有信心。这就需要控制机制并让个人意见成为不必。一个联邦制中的单位是自治的，但不是独立的，也不应该是独立的。它的自治是让公司整体更有绩效的手段。

To be able to give autonomy one must have confidence. Andthat these requires controls that make opinions unnecessary. A federal unit ofa company is autonomous, but it is not independent and should not be. Itsautonomy is a means toward better performance for the entire company.

行动指南：

确保自治部门的经理享有最大的自主权和承担最大的责任。建立一种控制系统，让有绩效或缺乏绩效都显而易见。